Ecosystems exist as complex socio-ecological systems. There is constant intervention by society through management, resource use and pollution. Due to this, ecosystem management and conservation is key to Biodiversity conservation.

As the world’s most important group of pollinators, bees are a crucial part of agricultural production and natural ecosystem function. They contribute immensely to food security through pollination services; provide mankind with hive products of many economic benefits.

Pastoralists rely on livestock for their livelihood and pastoralist communities are widespread in the arid- and semiarid regions of Africa. In fact, 70 % of East Africa’s livestock population resides in Kenya. The harsh conditions of the drylands with severe droughts, erratic rainfall and land degradation make it difficult to sustain on conventional agriculture or other activities. As a consequence, food security in the drylands record the lowest indices compared to other areas in Eastern Africa.